First migrants

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 The Migration into India

Out of Africa: A major human migration from Africa, around 50,000 years ago, is believed to have populated the Indian subcontinent. 

South Asian Hunter-Gatherers: The initial genetic variation found in modern Indians stems from these early migrations, forming the South Asian hunter-gatherer ancestral group. 

Neanderthal and Denisovan Genes: As early humans migrated, they interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, passing on genes to modern Indian populations. 

A Genetic Crossroads

Higher Neanderthal Variation: A striking discovery is that India holds a higher variation of Neanderthal ancestry compared to other non-African populations, allowing for the reconstruction of about half the Neanderthal genome from Indian individuals. 

Population Bottlenecks: India experienced a history of population bottlenecks, particularly within specific communities, which has resulted in extensive homozygosity and a mosaic of different ancestries within the population. 

Unanswered Questions 

Archaic Presence: Whether Neanderthals and Denisovans lived in South Asia or were encountered by humans further east in Eurasia before entering India is still unknown.

Early Human Traces: The complex evolutionary history in India poses questions about the early human populations that lived in the region before the 50,000-year-old migration.

Key Studies

2025 Berkeley Study: A 2025 study, which is the most thorough genetic analysis of India to date, traced Indian ancestry back to a migration out of Africa about 50,000 years ago. 

Cell Publication: A study published in Cell in 2025 confirmed the single migration out of Africa and identified three major ancestral groups in Indians: South Asian hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers, and Eurasian steppe pastoralis

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