Indus valley

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The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), flourishing around 3300–1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was a Bronze Age civilization known for its advanced urban planning, standardized brick sizes, and sophisticated sanitation systems in cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Lacking deciphered written records, its decline around 1750 BCE is attributed to environmental factors, possibly including shifting monsoons and tectonic events. Evidence of extensive trade with Mesopotamia, along with its agricultural economy and domesticated animals, highlights the IVC's complex and peaceful society


Urban Planning and Infrastructure

Grid-like Cities: Cities were laid out on a grid with perpendicular streets. 

Advanced Sanitation: A centralized drainage system, with houses connected to covered street drains, was a key feature. 

Standardized Bricks: Buildings were constructed from uniformly sized, baked bricks. 

Residential Architecture: Houses were built around airy courtyards for ventilation and featured doors and windows. 

Economy and Trade

Agriculture: The civilization relied on agriculture, growing crops like wheat, barley, and cotton. 

Domesticated Animals: People raised cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals. 

Trade Networks: Evidence suggests extensive trade with Mesopotamia, including cotton cloth and bronze goods. 

Society and Culture

Undeciphered Script: The Indus Valley script has not been deciphered, limiting our understanding of the civilization's language and beliefs. 

Art and Artifacts: Notable discoveries include the "Pashupati Seal" (possibly an early form of Lord Shiva), the "Dancing Girl" statuette, and various clay tablets. 

Religious Beliefs: Evidence suggests Mother Goddess worship, nature worship, and the worship of trees like the peepal. 

Peaceful Society: There is minimal evidence of warfare or weapons, suggesting a relatively peaceful civilization. 

Decline

Environmental Factors: Climate changes, such as shifting monsoons, may have led to agricultural failures. 

Tectonic Activity: Earthquakes could have altered river courses, disrupting water supplies. 

Shift in Population: A decline in population occurred as cities were abandoned, with people migrating to smaller communities in the east




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